1M HEPES

Sodium hydroxide is commonly used in the clandestine production of methamphetamine to change the pH of the solution to a basic pH so that it can become soluble in an organic solution.

Used to select for ampicillin resistance in mutated and transformed cells.

CHAPSO (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonate) is a zwitterionic detergent used to solubilize proteins. Due to its low light absorbance in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, CHAPSO is useful for researchers monitoring ongoing chemical reactions or protein-protein binding with UV/Vis spectroscopy.

5M solution of betaine in MilliQ H2O. DNase, RNase free.

The loading dye increases the density of the sample and adds colours to the sample, thereby simplifying the loading process. The solution contains dyes that, in a electric field, move toward the anode at predictable rates.

Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a balanced salt solution that is used for a variety of cell culture applications, such as washing cells before dissociation, transporting cells or tissue samples, diluting cells for counting, and preparing reagents. PBS is formulated without calcium and magnesium for rinsing chelators from the culture before cell dissociation.

Ammonium Sulfate. (NH4)₂SO₄ is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses.

Ammonium acetate is a widely used reagent in molecular biology and chromatography. Suitable applications include the purification and precipitation of DNA and protein crystallization. Ammonium acetate is commonly used in HPLC and MS analysis of various compounds, such as oligosaccharides, proteins, and peptides.

TE Buffer is a common molecular biology buffer used for protection of DNA and RNA from degradation. The Tris buffering agent and EDTA metal chelating properties help to protect DNA and RNA.

DEPC-treated Water is deionized, high quality, molecular biology grade water.

Buffer EB is the elution buffer used in many Qiagen kits, e.g. PCR, Gel Extraction, Nucleotide Removal Kits, MinElute Kits  and the QIAprep Miniprep Kits for DNA cleanup or small-scale plasmid purification. The purified DNA can also be eluted in TE (10 mM Tris-Cl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0), but the EDTA may inhibit certain subsequent enzymatic reactions.

The β-galactosidase substrate X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) is a chromogenic stain for β-gal activity, and is commonly used to distinguish between recombinants and nonrecombinants by lacZ α-complementation with appropriate vectors and hosts.